Mahatma Gandhi lived in Johannesburg from 1903 to 1913 and his devotion to the principles of equality and his philosophy of non-violent resistance or satyagraha greatly influenced the early struggle against apartheid. In 1908 he led Indian and Chinese citizens in a mass burning of their discriminatory identity documents (decreed to be carried by the colonial government), a powerful act later emulated by the anti-apartheid Defiance Campaign of 1952. While his time in Johannesburg was brief, there are a number of museums and monuments dedicated to Gandhi's memory.